Supernova explosions linked to ancient mass extinctions
Recent research from Keele University suggests that nearby supernova explosions may have triggered at least two of Earth’s mass extinction events. These cosmic phenomena—massive stars ending their lives in colossal explosions—could have stripped away our planet’s ozone layer, leading to harmful ultraviolet radiation exposure. This exposure might have been a significant factor in the late Ordovician and late Devonian extinctions, occurring approximately 445 and 372 million years ago, respectively.
The Ordovician extinction event resulted in the loss of about 60% of marine invertebrates when life was predominantly oceanic. Similarly, the late Devonian extinction saw around 70% of all species vanish, profoundly altering marine ecosystems. While various theories have been proposed over the years, the exact causes of these ancient die-offs have remained elusive.
By conducting a comprehensive survey of massive stars within approximately 3,260 light-years of the Sun, the Keele research team estimated the frequency of supernovae in our galactic neighbourhood. Their findings indicate a correlation between these supernova occurrences and the timings of the aforementioned mass extinctions. This suggests that Earth may have been exposed to increased levels of radiation from nearby stellar explosions during those periods.
Lead researcher Dr Alexis Quintana highlighted the dual role of supernovae: while they disseminate heavy elements essential for planet formation and life, their proximity can have devastating consequences for existing life forms. Dr Nick Wright from Keele University added that such explosions are among the universe’s most energetic events, and their potential impact on Earth underscores the interconnectedness of cosmic and terrestrial phenomena.
Understanding these ancient events provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between cosmic occurrences and life on Earth. It also emphasises the importance of monitoring our cosmic environment to better grasp potential future threats.
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